The old paths, or the Talmud tested by Scripture Being a comparison of the principles and doctrines of modern Judaism with the religion of Moses and the prophets

A scholarly series of essays from the late‑19th century that pits the doctrines and liturgical practices of contemporary Judaism against the religion presented in the Torah and the Prophets. Drawing on the prayer‑book, legal codes such as the Shulchan Aruch, and a range of historical sources, the author maps out where rabbinic tradition diverges from biblical teachings. The work is presented as an objective inquiry rather than an attack on the Jewish people, and it aims to illuminate the practical workings of the faith for both insiders and curious readers.

The essays address topics such as the authority of the Talmud, the status of women, slaves and gentiles, and the broader question of religious tolerance. By contrasting rabbinic interpretations with scriptural charity, the author invites listeners to consider how ancient texts have been reshaped over centuries. The volume sparked widespread discussion across Europe, leading to translations in several languages and influencing debates within both Jewish and Christian circles.