Lichens

A concise, authoritative guide to the world of lichens, this volume brings together over a century of research into a single, well‑organized reference. Beginning with a clear historical overview, it traces how early observations gave way to modern theories of symbiosis between fungi and algae, while the extensive glossary demystifies specialist terminology for newcomers and seasoned lichenologists alike. The author’s access to the British Museum’s collections adds depth, with numerous citations that let readers follow each thread back to its original source.

The core chapters dive into the anatomy and physiology of lichen thalli, detailing the roles of gonidia, hyphae, and associated algae across a variety of growth forms—from crustose to foliose and squamulose structures. Detailed descriptions of nutrition, carbon and nitrogen cycles, and the protective mechanisms lichens employ on rocks, bark, and soil illuminate their remarkable adaptability. Richly illustrated and meticulously referenced, the book serves both as a practical field companion and a scholarly foundation for anyone curious about these resilient, often overlooked organisms.