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A legendary thinker from ancient Greece, he became one of history’s most enduring symbols of the link between numbers, harmony, and the shape of the world. His name is forever tied to the famous theorem of right triangles, even though much about his life survives only in later tradition.

by Antoine Fabre d'Olivet, Pythagoras
Born on the island of Samos around the 6th century BCE, Pythagoras was an Ionian Greek philosopher and religious teacher whose ideas spread widely in the Greek world. He later settled in southern Italy, where he founded a community whose followers studied mathematics, music, ethics, and the nature of the soul.
He is best known today through the Pythagorean theorem, but ancient sources connect his school with much more than geometry. Pythagorean thought treated number as a key to understanding reality and explored musical harmony, discipline, and the belief in the soul’s immortality and rebirth.
Because no writings by him survive, and later accounts often blend fact with legend, historians cannot confirm every story told about him. Even so, his influence was enormous: the traditions linked to his name helped shape later Greek philosophy and left a lasting mark on mathematics and Western thought.