Problems of Conduct: An Introductory Survey of Ethics

PROBLEMS OF CONDUCT - AN INTRODUCTORY SURVEY OF ETHICS - BY - DURANT DRAKE

TO THE DEAR TWO WHOSE INTEREST IN PROBLEMS OF CONDUCT FIRST AWAKENED MINE AND WHOSE EAGERNESS TO KNOW AND DO REMAINS UNDIMMED BY THE YEARS MY FATHER AND MY MOTHER - PREFACE

PART I. THE EVOLUTION OF MORALITY - CHAPTER I. THE ORIGIN OF PERSONAL MORALITY… How early in the evolutionary process did personal morality of some sort emerge? What were the main causes that produced personal morality? How far has the moralizing process been blind and how far conscious? - CHAPTER II. THE ORIGIN OF SOCIAL MORALITY… How early was social morality developed? By what means was social morality produced? How has morality been fostered by the tribe? - CHAPTER III. OUTWARD DEVELOPMENT-MORALS… What is the difference between morals and non-moral customs? What, in general, has been the direction of moral progress? What definition of morality emerges from this? Is moral progress certain? - CHAPTER IV. INWARD DEVELOPMENT-CONSCIENCE… What are the stages in the history of moral guidance? Out of what has conscience developed? What is conscience now? What is the value of conscience? - CHAPTER V. THE INDIVIDUALIZING OF CONSCIENCE… Why did not the individualizing of conscience occur earlier? What forces made against custom-morality? Conservatism vs. radicalism. What are the dangers of conventional morality? - CHAPTER VI. CAN WE BASE MORALITY UPON CONSCIENCE… What is the meaning of "moral intuitionism"? Do the deliverances of different people's consciences agree? If conscience everywhere agreed in its dictates, could we base morality upon it? What is the plausibility of moral intuitionism? - PART II. THE THEORY OF MORALITY - CHAPTER VII. THE BASIS OF RIGHT AND WRONG… What is the nature of that intrinsic goodness upon which ultimately all valuations rest? What is extrinsic goodness? What sort of conduct, then, is good? And how shall we define virtue? - CHAPTER VIII. THE MEANING OF DUTY… Why are there conflicts between duty and inclination? Must we deny that duty is the servant of happiness? Does the end justify the means? What is the justification of justice and chivalry? - CHAPTER IX. THE JUDGMENT OF CHARACTER… Wherein consists goodness of character? Can we say, with Kant, that the only good is the Good Will? What evils may go with conscientiousness? What is the justification of praise and blame? What is responsibility? - CHAPTER X. THE SOLUTION OF PERSONAL PROBLEMS… What are the inadequacies of instinct and impulse that necessitate morality? What factors are to be considered in estimating the worth of personal moral ideals? Epicureanism vs. Puritanism. What are the evils in undue self-indulgence? What are the evils in undue self-repression? - CHAPTER XI. THE SOLUTION OF SOCIAL PROBLEMS… Why should we be altruistic? What is the exact meaning of selfishness and unselfishness? Are altruistic impulses always right? What mental and moral obstacles hinder altruistic action? How can we reconcile egoism and altruism? - CHAPTER XII. OBJECTIONS AND MISUNDERSTANDINGS… Do men always act for pleasure or to avoid pain? Are pleasures and pains incommensurable? Are some pleasures worthier than others? Is morality merely subjective and relative? - CHAPTER XIII. ALTEBNATIVE THEORIES… Is morality "categorical," beyond need of justification? Should we live "according to nature," and adjust ourselves to the evolutionary process? Is self-development, or self-realization, the ultimate end? Is the source of duty the will of God? - CHAPTER XIV. THE WORTH OF MORALITY… Morality as the organization of human interests. Do moral acts always bring happiness somewhere? Is there anything better than morality? - PART III. PERSONAL MORALITY - CHAPTER XV. HEALTH AND EFFICIENCY… What is the moral importance of health? Can we attain to greater health and efficiency? Is continued idleness ever justifiable? Are competitive athletics desirable? Is it wrong to smoke? - CHAPTER XVI. THE ALCOHOL PROBLEM… What are the causes of the use of alcoholic drinks? What are the evils that result from alcoholic liquors? What should be the attitude of the individual toward alcoholic liquors? What should be our attitude toward the use of alcoholic liquors by others? - CHAPTER XVII. CHASTITY AND MARRIAGE… What are the reasons for chastity before and fidelity after marriage? What safeguards against unchastity are necessary? What are the factors in an ideal marriage? 1Is divorce morally justifiable? - CHAPTER XVIII. FELLOWSHIP, LOYALTY, AND LUXURY… what social relationships impose claims upon us? What general duties do we owe our fellows? Are the rich justified in living in luxury? Is it wrong to gamble, bet, or speculate? - CHAPTER XIX. TRUTHFULNESS AND ITS PROBLEMS… What are the reasons for the obligation of truthfulness? What exceptions are allowable to the duty of truthfulness? In what directions are our standards of truthfulness low? The ethics of journalism. - CHAPTER XX. CULTURE AND ART… What is the value of culture and art? What is most important in cultural education? What dangers are there in culture and art for life? Should art be censored in the interests of morality? - CHAPTER XXI. THE MECHANISM OF SELF-CONTROL… What are our potentialities of greater self-control? A practicable mechanism of self-control. Various accessories and safeguards. - CHAPTER XXII. THE ATTAINABILITY OF HAPPINESS… The threefold key to happiness: I. Hearty allegiance to duty. II. Hearty acquiescence in our lot. III. Hearty appreciation of the wonder and beauty in life. Can we maintain a steady under glow of happiness? - PART IV. PUBLIC MORALITY - CHAPTER XXIII. PATRIOTISM AND WORLD-PEACE… What is the meaning and value of patriotism? How should patriotism be directed and qualified? What have been the benefits of war? What are the evils of war? What can we do to hasten world-peace? - CHAPTER XXIV. POLITICAL PURITY AND EFFICIENCY… What are the forces making for corruption in politics? What are the evil results of political corruption? What is the political duty of the citizen? What legislative checks to corruption are possible? - CHAPTER XXV. SOCIAL ALLEVIATION… What is the duty of the State in regard to: I. Sickness and preventable death? II. Poverty and inadequate living conditions? III. Commercialized vice? IV. Crime? - CHAPTER XXVI. INDUSTRIAL WRONGS… In our present organization of industry, what are the duties of businessmen: I. To the public? II. To investors? III. To competitors? IV. To employees? What general remedies for industrial wrongs are feasible? - CHAPTER XXVII. INDUSTRIAL RECONSTRUCTION… Ought the trusts to be broken up, or regulated? What are the ethics of the following schemes: I. Trade-unions and strikes? II. Profit-sharing, cooperation, consumers' leagues? III. Government regulation of prices, profits, and wages? IV. Socialism? - CHAPTER XXVIII. LIBERTY AND LAW… What are the essential aspects of the ideal of liberty? The ideal of individualism. The ideal of legal control. Should existing laws always be obeyed? - CHAPTER XXIX. EQUALITY AND PRIVILEGE… What flagrant forms of inequality exist in our society? What methods of equalizing opportunity are possible? What are the ethics of: I. The single tax? II. Free trade and protection? III. The control of immigration? IV. The woman's movement? - CHAPTER XXX. THE FUTURE OF THE RACE… In what ways should the State seek to better human environment? What should be done in the way of public education? hat can be done by eugenics? What are the gravest moral dangers of our times? - PROBLEMS OF CONDUCT - INTRODUCTORY

PART I - THE EVOLUTION OF MORALITY - CHAPTER I - THE ORIGIN OP PERSONAL MORALITY

CHAPTER II - THE ORIGIN OF SOCIAL MORALITY

CHAPTER III - OUTWARD DEVELOPMENT—MORALS

CHAPTER V - THE INDIVIDUALIZING OF CONSCIENCE

CHAPTER VI - CAN WE BASE MORALITY UPON CONSCIENCE?

CHAPTER VIII - THE MEANING OF DUTY

CHAPTER IX - THE JUDGMENT OF CHARACTER