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United States Tariff Commission

Born in the middle of major debates over trade and industry, this federal commission grew into one of the U.S. government’s key sources of independent analysis on tariffs, imports, and trade disputes. Its story offers a window into how American trade policy was studied, argued over, and reshaped across the twentieth century.

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Created on September 8, 1916, by the Revenue Act of 1916, the United States Tariff Commission was set up as an independent, bipartisan body to investigate tariff questions and give Congress and the executive branch expert advice on trade policy. Over time, it became a central fact-finding agency as the United States moved through changing eras of protectionism, reciprocity, and global trade.

The commission’s responsibilities expanded as trade law evolved. In addition to studying tariffs, it handled investigations and reports on matters such as unfair trade practices, import injury, and broader trade conditions. In 1974, it was redesignated as the United States International Trade Commission, reflecting a wider role in international trade analysis and adjudication.

Today, the old Tariff Commission is best understood as the foundation of the modern USITC. Its long institutional history helps explain how the federal government built a specialized, nonpartisan system for analyzing trade issues that affect industries, workers, and consumers across the country.