Francis C. (Francis Cowles) Frary

Born in Minneapolis on July 9, 1884, Francis Cowles Frary studied chemistry at the University of Minnesota, earning his undergraduate degree in 1905, a master's degree in 1906, and a PhD in 1912. He also spent time studying in Berlin, and early in his career he taught chemistry at Minnesota.

Frary is best remembered for his work in electrochemistry and metallurgy, especially his role in improving the production of aluminum. He went on to become an important research leader at Alcoa, where his work linked fundamental chemistry with industrial manufacturing. He was also active in the scientific community, serving as president of The Electrochemical Society.

Alongside his industrial research, Frary wrote clearly for working scientists and students. His Laboratory Manual of Glass-Blowing reflects the practical side of his career: he was interested not just in theory, but in the everyday skills that made laboratory work possible.