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- David Nunes Carvalho
- Forty Centuries of Ink Or, A chronological narrative concerning ink and its backgrounds, introducing incidental observations and deductions, parallels of time and color phenomena, bibliography, chemistry, poetical effusions, citations, anecdotes and curiosa together with some evidence respecting the evanescent character of most inks of to-day and an epitome of chemico-legal ink.
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Forty Centuries of Ink Or, A chronological narrative concerning ink and its backgrounds, introducing incidental observations and deductions, parallels of time and color phenomena, bibliography, chemistry, poetical effusions, citations, anecdotes and curiosa together with some evidence respecting the evanescent character of most inks of to-day and an epitome of chemico-legal ink.
Chapters
6 totalFORTY CENTURIES OF INK - OR - A CHRONOLOGICAL NARRATIVE CONCERNING INK AND ITS BACKGROUNDS - INTRODUCING INCIDENTAL OBSERVATIONS AND DEDUCTIONS, PARALLELS OF TIME AND COLOR PHENOMENA, BIBLIOGRAPHY, CHEMISTRY, POETICAL EFFUSIONS, CITATIONS, ANECDOTES AND CURIOSA TOGETHER WITH SOME EVIDENCE RESPECTING THE EVANESCENT CHARACTER OF MOST INKS OF TO-DAY AND AN EPITOME OF CHEMICO-LEGAL INK. - BY DAVID N. CARVALHO - PREFACE.
FORTY CENTURIES OF INK - CHAPTER I. - GENESIS OF INK.
CHAPTER XII. - STUDY OF INK. - LACK OF INTEREST AS TO THE COMPOSITION OF INK DURING PART OF THE EIGHTEENTH CENTURY—THE CONDITIONS WHICH THEN PREVAILED NEARLY THE SAME AS THE PRESENT TIME—CHEMISTRY OF INK NOT UNDERSTOOD— THIS LACK OF INFORMATION NOT CONFINED TO ANY PARTICULAR COUNTRY—LEWIS, IN 1765, BEGINS A SCIENTIFIC INVESTIGATION ON THE SUBJECT OF INKS —THE RESULTS AND HIS CONCLUSIONS PUBLISHED IN 1797—THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF ENGLAND IN 1787 RECEIVES COMPLAINTS ABOUT THE INFERIORITY OF INKS —ITS SECRETARY READS A PAPER THE SAME YEAR—THE PAPER CITED IN FULL—DR. BOSTOCK IN 1830 COMMUNICATES TO THE SOCIETY OF ARTS WHAT HE ESTIMATES TO BE THE CAUSES OF IMPERFECTIONS IN INK— ACTION OF THE FRENCH ACADEMY OF SCIENCES— COMPLICATIONS SURROUNDING THE MANUFACTURE OF INK ONLY THIRTY-FIVE YEARS AGO.
CHAPTER XIV. - CLASSIFICATIONS OF INK. - INK USED BY US HAS NOTHING IN COMMON WITH THAT OF THE ANCIENTS—MANUFACTURERS OF THE PRESENT TIME HAVE LARGELY UTILIZED FORMULAS EMPLOYED IN PAST CENTURIES—THE COMMON ACCEPTATION OF THE TERM INK—SEVEN DIFFERENT CLASSES OF INKS AND THEIR COMPOSITION BRIEFLY TOLD—FAILURE OF EFFORTS TO SECURE A REAL SAFETY INK.
CHAPTER XXII. - INK INDUSTRY.
CHAPTER XXIII. - CHEMICO-LEGAL INK.
Description
Spanning four millennia, this narrative weaves together the chemistry, art and legislation that have shaped the fluid that records our history. Beginning with the earliest pigment‑based mixtures, it follows the rise of coal‑tar colours and the modern “fugitive” inks whose fleeting hues threaten the longevity of today’s documents. The author highlights how contemporary paper and commercial ink formulations endanger public records, urging officials to act before further loss becomes irreversible.
Drawing from original sources, court testimonies and curious anecdotes, the work reveals how investigators can spot forged signatures and detect hidden alterations. Along the way, readers encounter poetic reflections on colour, practical guidance on ink analysis, and a concise overview of chemico‑legal standards. The result is a readable, fact‑rich survey that illuminates a substance most people never consider, while pointing toward better preservation practices for the future.
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Language
en
Duration
~10 hours (578K characters)
Release date
1998-10-01
Rights
Public domain in the USA.
About the author
David Nunes Carvalho
1848–1925
A pioneer of ink analysis and handwriting examination, this remarkable investigator turned chemistry, photography, and close observation into tools for solving disputed documents. His writing opens a window onto the long history of ink and the early science behind forensic evidence.
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