Xixing Lu

Born in Xinghua in present-day Jiangsu during the Ming dynasty, Lu Xixing was first trained in Confucian learning before turning more fully toward Daoism. Sources describe him as the founder of the Eastern school of Daoist inner alchemy, and they note his interest in bringing together Daoist, Buddhist, and Confucian ideas.

He became known for writing and commenting on important Daoist texts, with a reputation for explaining difficult material in a direct, readable way. Works associated with him include Fanghu Waishi, Nanhua Fumo, Daoyuan Huilu, and Binweng Ziji.

Lu Xixing is also sometimes named as a possible author of Fengshen Yanyi (The Investiture of the Gods), but that claim is presented as one view rather than a settled fact. What seems clearer is his lasting place in late Ming religious and literary culture as a learned figure who moved across traditions instead of staying within only one.