
author
1896–1985
A major American composer, teacher, and writer on music, he helped shape 20th-century musical life while following his own demanding artistic path. His work moved from early neoclassical clarity toward a more complex, deeply personal modern style that later embraced twelve-tone writing.

by Roger Sessions
Born in Brooklyn on December 28, 1896, he studied at Harvard and at the Yale School of Music, and later worked with composer Ernest Bloch. He became known not only for his own music but also for his influence as a teacher and musical thinker, with appointments over the years at institutions including Princeton and Juilliard.
His music changed markedly across his career. Early works show a neoclassical balance, while later scores grew denser and more harmonically adventurous, eventually drawing on twelve-tone techniques. Even when listeners found the music challenging, he was widely respected for its seriousness, structure, and emotional force.
Recognition came steadily, including two Pulitzer Prizes for Music, in 1974 and 1982. By the time of his death in Princeton, New Jersey, on March 16, 1985, he was regarded as one of the central figures in American concert music and an important guide to generations of composers and students.