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A landmark international effort, the Human Genome Project set out to read humanity’s genetic instruction book and changed biology in the process. Completed in 2003, it gave researchers the first broad reference sequence of human DNA and helped launch modern genomics.
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Formally begun in 1990 and completed in 2003, the Human Genome Project was a large international research collaboration coordinated in major part by the U.S. National Institutes of Health and the Department of Energy. Its goals included identifying human genes, determining the order of the roughly 3 billion DNA base pairs in the human genome, storing that information in public databases, improving analysis tools, and studying ethical, legal, and social questions raised by genomic research.
The project is widely seen as one of the most important scientific efforts of its era. It produced a reference sequence for most of the human genome years ahead of schedule, made the data broadly available to researchers, and accelerated work across genetics, medicine, and biotechnology. It also helped establish genomics as a data-rich, collaborative field.
Its legacy has continued well beyond the project’s official end. Later advances built on its foundation to fill gaps left in the original reference sequence, including a fully gapless human genome sequence reported in 2022. Even so, the Human Genome Project remains the turning point that made large-scale human genome research possible.