Charles A. Eastman

Born in 1858 near Redwood Falls, Minnesota, and also known by the Dakota name Ohiyesa, he became one of the first Native American physicians trained in Euro-American medicine. He earned his medical degree from Boston University School of Medicine in 1890 and soon served as a physician for the Office of Indian Affairs at Pine Ridge, where he witnessed the aftermath of Wounded Knee.

Alongside his medical and public service work, he built a major literary career. Writing in English for a broad readership, he published memoirs, books for young readers, and reflections on Dakota life, spirituality, and ethics. His best-known works include Indian Boyhood, From the Deep Woods to Civilization, and Old Indian Days.

He was also active in reform efforts connected to Native rights, education, and youth programs, including work associated with the early Boy Scouts movement. Today he is widely remembered as an important interpreter of Dakota culture and as a writer who challenged non-Native readers to see Native life with greater honesty and respect.